莎翁谭词|rehearse探源——原来莎翁这么爱用!

◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ What in the Word?! Raking over the roots of rehearse 刨根究底 了解单词rehearse ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ By John Kelly Today, we m
原标题:谭词|rehearse探源——原来莎翁这么爱用!◆◆◆◆WhatintheWord?!Rakingovertherootsofrehearse刨根究底了解单词rehearse◆◆◆◆ByJohnKellyToday,wemainlyusethewordrehearsefor‘practicingaplay,pieceofmusic,orsomeotherworkbeforealaterpublicperformance’.Wegooverourlines,werunthroughourparts;thesesensesaresuggestedbyrehearse’sprefixre-,meaning‘again’.今天,rehearse一词主要用在“排练一出戏、一支曲子,或即将公演的其他作品”。我们再对一遍台词,再演练一遍我们的角色;这些词义都是由rehearse一词的前缀re-带来,表示“再”。Butwhatisthe-hearse?Whataboutitconveys‘practice’?Ahearse,formostus,onlyconveysacoffinatafuneral.Death,alas,catchesall–evenrehearse,aswe’llsee–andtounderstandwhywewillhavetoexhumesomeofthepastlivesoftheword.但是,后面的-hearse是什么呢?这与表达“演习、演练”有什么关系?大多数懂英语的人都知道,hearse就是葬礼上运送棺材的车辆。哎,死亡压倒一切。不过,我们还是要挖掘一下这个单词的过去,了解它的历史。Downtoearth追根溯源TheimmediatesourceofrehearseistheAnglo-Normanrehercerorreherser–Anglo-NormanbeingthevarietyofOldFrenchusedinEngland.Thisverbvariouslydenoted‘repeating’or‘reciting’,andwhenEnglishborroweditasreherceorrehersearound1300,itmeant‘togiveanaccountordeionofsomethingatlength’,i.e.‘report’or‘relate’,ifwewanttomakesomesenseofthatre-prefix.单词rehearse目前所知的来源是盎格鲁—诺曼语的rehercer或reherser,盎格鲁—诺曼语是曾在英格兰地区使用的一种古法语。这个多种形态的动词表示“重复”或“背诵”的意思,但在大约14世纪,当英语借鉴该词为reherce或reherse时,它表示“详细介绍或描述某事物”,如果想要带着前缀re-来说明,那就相当于report(报告)或relate(叙述)。MetaphorwasalreadyatworkintheFrenchrehercer,though.Theverbliterallymeans‘toharrowagain’.Harrow:unlessyou’reapre-industrialfarmer,thiswordcallsup‘distress’,asinaharrowingexperience.Butthissenseisalsofigurative,foraharrowwasoriginallyakindofheavyrakedraggedovertheearth–manhandlingit,really–aheadofplanting.Andaherse,inFrench,wasthenameforthisagriculturalimplement,hersertheverbforusingit.Foratime,Englishusedhersetorefertoaharrowaswell.不过,法语rehercer已有隐喻(表示苦恼)。动词的字面意思是harrowagain(再耙地)。对于Harrow这个词,如果你不是工业文明前的农民,这个词会引起“痛苦”,比如aharrowingexperience(痛苦的经历)。但这也是比喻义,最初的harrow是一种沉重的耙子,播种前在地上拖来拖去,当然是要人去拖它。在法语中,herse是这种农具的名字,动词herser就是使用这种耙子。英语一度也用herse指代harrow(耙子)。Torehearse,then,intheancientFrenchimagination,wastogooversomeinformationlikeafarmerrakingapatchofsoil.在古法语的想象中,rehearse就像农民耙一块地一样不断重新查看某些信息。TheFrenchhersegoesfurtherbacktotheLatinhirpex,a‘largerake’,awordinwhichsomeetymologistssuspectyetmoremetaphorisatplay.TheyproposethathirpexisrootedintheOscanhirpus,atermfor‘wolf’intheUmbrianregionwheretheextinctItalianlanguagewasoncespoken.Thesharptinesofthehirpex,apparently,werelikenedtothemeanteethofwolves.法语的herse一词可进一步追溯到拉丁语hirpex,指“大耙子”,一些词源学家怀疑这个词可能有更多隐喻。他们提出,hirpex根植于奥斯肯语的hirpus,指翁布里亚地区的“狼”,而该地区曾经使用现已消亡的那种意大利语。大耙子的尖齿很显然是被比作了狼牙。Onthestage舞台上Ifyou’rerehearsingtheroleofthebigbadwolfinsomeproductionofLittleRedRidingHoodortheThreeLittlePigs,you–insomeabsurdlyremoteetymologicalway–arewellcastforthepart.要是你扮演《小红帽》或是《三只小猪》中的反派大灰狼一角,从某种荒诞又遥远的词源学角度看,你排练(rehearse)时正好投射了该词的词源。WecanseehowrehearseeasilyprogressestotheatreinEnglish.Torehearsesomething,aspreviouslynotedofitsmeaningintheearly1300s,wastogiveareportofit:you’resharingsomeexperienceyouwitnessedorlearned,asifgoingthroughitagain.Overthe14thcentury,rehearseexpandedto‘repeatsomethingsaid,heard,written’andsoforth,whichbecameespeciallyassociatedwiththerecitationofmemorizedpoetryorprayersbythelate1300s.Thememorizationandrecitationoflinesiskeytodramaticperformance,andsoweseerehearsejumptothestagebythelate16thcentury.我们可以看到rehearse在英语中如何轻松发展到剧场。要rehearse什么,按前文提到的14世纪初的词义,就是给出一份报告:就像再经历一遍,你要分享眼见或学到的一些经验。在14世纪,rehearse的词义扩展为“重复说、听、写某事”等。到14世纪末,该词特指背诵诗歌或祷文。记忆和背诵台词对戏剧表演尤为重要,于是,到16世纪末,我们看到rehearse一词跃上戏剧舞台。TheearliestevidencetheOxfordEnglishDictionaryfindsfortheusualmodernmeaningofrehearsewithreferencetopracticingaplayhailsfromthe1579-80ExtractsfromtheAccountsoftheRevelsattheCourtsintheReignsofQueenElizabethandJamesI(ed.PeterCunningham,1842).rehearse表示戏剧排练是常用现代词义,在OED中可以找到的最早证据是1579-80年间的ExtractsfromtheAccountsoftheRevelsatCourt,intheReignsofQueenElizabethandKingJamesI(彼得·坎宁安编,1842)一书。TheOEDgivesShakespearethecitationsforthe‘practicing’rehearse.Fittinglyenough,theycomeinAMidsummerNight’sDream,featuringtheBard’swell-rehearsedtropeoftheplay-within-the-play.Shakespeareusesrehearsefivetimesinthecomedy,themostofanyworkoutofthenearly20instancesofformsofthewordsinhisoeuvre.DirectingTheMostLamentableComedyandMostCruelDeathofPyramusandThisbe,PeterQuinceinstructs:OED的引文表明,莎士比亚成为了“练习”rehearse的对象。凑巧的是,在莎翁的《仲夏夜之梦》中就出现了诗人精心排练的戏中戏。莎士比亚在这部喜剧中使用过5次rehearse——在他的全部作品中总共出现过近20次不同形式的rehearse,在这部作品中出现得最多。在剧中,PeterQuince指导TheMostLamentableComedyandMostCruelDeathofPyramusandThisbe时说道:…Come,sitdown,everymother’sson,andrehearseyourparts.Pyramus,youbegin:whenyouhavespokenyourspeech,enterintothatbrake:andsoeveryoneaccordingtohiscue.ItisinterestingtoconsiderifShakespeareisribbingrehearseasatheatricalbuzzwordoftheday.RehearseisstillinfluxforShakespeare,however,aslaterintheplayTitaniasays:不知道莎士比亚当时是否将rehearse当作一个剧场时髦词使用,想想也挺有意思的。不过,莎士比亚后来又多次使用这个词,在某部剧中,泰坦妮亚说道:…rehearseyoursongbyroteToeachwordawarblingnote:Handinhand,withfairygrace,Willwesing,andblessthisplace.Here,heusesrehearseinitsoldersenseofrecitation,illustratingthatrehearsewasstillevolvinginShakespeare’sEngland.这里,他用的是rehearse更为原始的词义,表示“背诵”,这表明在英格兰地区,莎士比亚时期的rehearse一词的词义还在演变期间。Tothegrave回到坟墓Andnowwehavethatfinalmarchofhearse:thefuneralmarch.Thecoffin-bearinghearsealsocomes,incrediblyenough,fromthatsameFrenchhersebehindrehearse,the‘harrow’.Ourfamiliarfriend,metaphor,isbusyonceagainintheword,astheshapeandframeworkoftheharrowwaslikenedtoanoldtypeofcandleholder.现在,来到hearse的最后一步:送葬。难以置信的是,承载棺材的hearse(灵车)一词也来自法语herse,即rehearse一词的词根,表示harrow(耙子)。我们熟悉的老朋友“隐喻”在这个单词中再次显现,耙子的外形和结构有些像老式的烛台。InEnglish,thefunerealhearsefirstreferredtoanelaboratecandelabrumusedatcertainChristianholydaysordisplayedontopofthecoffinsofimportantindividualsatchurch.Bythemid-17thcentury,ittookonitscurrentsenseofavehiclefortransportingthecoffin–whichitgoesintotheburialplot,thedug-upearthre-piledandperhapsleveledagainwithaherse.在英语中,丧葬hearse最初是指用于某些基督教圣日的精致烛台,或放置在教堂里重要人物棺木上的烛台。到17世纪中期,该词出现了当代的词义,即运送棺材的车辆,然后将棺材送入墓地,盖上挖出的新土,或许还要用耙子(herse)再把地面耙平整。Ashestoashes,hersetohearse.尘归尘,耙子到灵车。(文字整理自“牛津词典”)责任编辑:

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